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Minamata Disease

March 30, 2021
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Minamata disease 

  • A crippling deformity caused by methylmercury poisoning that was first described in the inhabitants of Minamata Bay, Japan in 1956.
  • Results from eating fish contaminated with mercury industrial waste.
  • Signs and symptoms include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle weakness, loss of peripheral vision, and damage to hearing and speech. 
  • In extreme cases, insanity, paralysis, coma, and death follow within weeks of the onset of symptoms. 
  • A congenital form of the disease can also affect fetuses in the womb.

How does Mercury enter the  Food Chain ?

  • Atmospheric mercury dissolved in freshwater and seawater.
  • A type of mercury called methylmercury is most easily accumulated in the body and dangerous.
  • Organic mercury in a human body comes from eating fish and shellfish, and 75 to 90 percent of organic mercury existing in fish and shellfish is methylmercury,
  • Inorganic mercury and methylmercury are first consumed by phytoplankton,
  • Phytoplankton are consumed by small animals such as zooplankton.
  • The methylmercury is assimilated and retained by the animals, while the inorganic mercury is shed from the animals as waste products,
  • Small fish that eat the zooplankton are exposed to food-borne mercury that is predominantly in the methylated form.
  • Small fish are consumed by larger fish, and so on until it gets to humans.
  • Methylmercury displays evidence of biomagnification.

Biomagnification

  • Biomagnification stands for Biological Magnification, which means the increase in concentration of contaminated substances or toxic chemicals that take place in the food chains.

Note: Methylmercury is very different to ethylmercury. Ethylmercury is used as a preservative in some vaccines and does not pose a health risk.

Minamata Convention

  • The Minamata Convention on Mercury is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury and its compounds.
  • Objective to protect human health and environment from the anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds.
  • It was agreed at the fifth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee in Geneva, Switzerland 2013.
  • More than 140 countries including India have ratified the Convention
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Source: The Hindu
Tags: News PaperPrelims

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