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Home Science & Tech

Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)

February 18, 2022
in Science & Tech
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Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)
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In news– Recently,  National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad has found Non-Structural 1 protein, a potential diagnostic biomarker for Japanese encephalitis virus.

Key updates-

  • Since there is no cure available for JEV, early detection is essential to mitigate a breakout. 
  • NIAB, Hyderabad developed Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) electrode fabricated with reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) for as an electrochemical based immunosensor for the rapid, sensitive and specific detection of the Non-Structural 1 (NS1) secretory protein, which is suitable biomarker for JEV found circulating in the blood.
  • Since the conventional methods for JEV diagnosis are expensive, more hazardous and time-consuming diagnostic techniques and require an elaborate laboratory set up and trained expertise, the developed biosensor may be able to overcome these limitations. 
  • Detection of the NS1 instead of antibody has an added advantage since the antigen is present from day 1 of the infection and hence facilitates early detection. 
  • On the other hand, antibodies appear only after Day 4/5 of the infection. 

About Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)

  • It is a mosquito-borne flavivirus (mosquitos of the Culex species), and belongs to the same genus as dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses.
  • The first case of JEV was documented in 1871 in Japan.
  • JEV is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. 
  • Most JEV infections are mild (fever and headache) or without apparent symptoms, but approximately 1 in 250 infections results in severe clinical illness. 
  • The incubation period is between 4-14 days. 
  • In children, gastrointestinal pain and vomiting may be the dominant initial symptoms. 
  • Severe disease is characterized by rapid onset of high fever, headache, neck stiffness, disorientation, coma, seizures, spastic paralysis and ultimately death. 
  • The case-fatality rate can be as high as 30% among those with disease symptoms.
  • There is no cure for the disease.
  • Treatment is focused on relieving severe clinical signs and supporting the patient to overcome the infection.
  • Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent JE. 
  • 24 countries in the WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions have endemic JEV transmission, exposing more than 3 billion people to risks of infection.

Further reading: https://journalsofindia.com/acute-encephalitis-syndrome-aes-2/

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Source: PIB
Tags: PIBPrelims

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