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Home Science & Tech

International Space Station (ISS)

March 15, 2022
in Science & Tech
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International Space Station (ISS)
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In news– Russia has threatened that  the sanctions, some of which predate Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine, could disrupt the operation of Russian spacecraft servicing the ISS and may even lead to a crash of the ISS .

About the International Space Station (ISS)-

  • It is a modular space station (habitable artificial satellite) in low Earth orbit.
  • Launched in 1998, the International Space Station is one of the most ambitious international collaborations ever attempted. 
  • The ISS programme evolved from the Space Station Freedom, an American proposal which was conceived in 1984 to construct a permanently manned Earth-orbiting station, and the contemporaneous Soviet/Russian Mir-2 proposal from 1976 with similar aims.
  • The largest space station ever constructed, the ISS continues to be assembled in orbit.  
  • It was built with the cooperation of scientists from five international space agencies — NASA of the U.S., Roscosmos of Russia, JAXA of Japan, Canadian Space Agency and the European Space Agency. 
  • Each agency has a role to play and a share in the upkeep of the ISS. 
  • The station is divided into two sections: the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) is operated by Russia, while the United States Orbital Segment (USOS) is run by the United States as well as by the other states. 
  • The Russian segment includes six modules and the US segment includes ten modules.
  • Russia’s part in the collaboration is the module responsible for making course corrections to the orbit of the ISS. 
  • They also ferry astronauts to the ISS from the Earth and back. 
  • Until SpaceX’s dragon spacecraft came into the picture the Russian spacecrafts were the only way of reaching the ISS and returning.
  • The station serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which scientific research is conducted in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields.
  • It is suited for testing the spacecraft systems and equipment required for possible future long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars.
  • The ISS is the ninth space station to be inhabited by crews, following the Soviet and later Russian Salyut, Almaz, and Mir stations and the American Skylab. 
  • It is the largest artificial object in space and the largest satellite in low Earth orbit, regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth’s surface. 
  • It maintains an orbit with an average altitude of 400 kilometers (250 mi) by means of reboost maneuvers using the engines of the Zvezda Service Module or visiting spacecraft.
  • The ISS circles the Earth in roughly 93 minutes, completing 15.5 orbits per day.

Role of Russia in maintaining the ISS-

  • According to the Russian Space Agency,  Roscosmos, the Russian segment ensures that the space station’s orbit is corrected to keep it away from space debris, roughly 11 times a year. 
  • Due to its enormous weight and the ensuing drag, the ISS tends to sink from its orbit at a height of about 250 miles above the Earth.
  • It has to be pushed up to its original line of motion every now and then. 
  • The other reason for altering the path of the ISS is to avoid its collision with space debris, which can damage the station.
  • In a year, 7-8 tonnes of fuel may need to be spent, with each maneuver costing nearly a tonne of fuel. 
  • If Russia backs out of the effort,  SpaceX’s dragon module and Boeing’s Starliner can dock with the ISS. Starliner also has the capacity to carry, say, ten tonnes of fuel.
  • Even if it crashes, the orbit of the ISS does not fly over the Russian territory mostly and places that are closer to the equator run a greater risk of it falling in their domain.
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Source: The Hindu
Tags: NewspaperPrelims

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