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Home Science & Tech

EOS-03 satellite

August 7, 2021
in Science & Tech
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In news- Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle-F10 (GSLV-F10) will launch earth observation satellite, EOS-03 on 12 August, 2021.

Key updates-

  • EOS-03 is a state-of-the-art agile satellite that will be placed in a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit by GSLV-F10.
  • The satellite will reach the final geostationary orbit using its onboard propulsion system.
  • It is capable of imaging the whole country four-five times daily. 
  • It would enable near real-time monitoring of natural disasters like floods and cyclones. 
  • It would also enable monitoring of water bodies, crops, vegetation conditions, and forest cover changes.
  • A four metre diameter give shaped payload fairing is being flown for the first time in this GSLV flight.
  • This is the fourteenth flight of GSLV.

Types of orbit-

Geostationary orbit (GEO)- 

  • Satellites in GEO circle Earth above the equator from west to east following Earth’s rotation – taking 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds – by travelling at exactly the same rate as Earth. 
  • This makes satellites in GEO appear to be ‘stationary’ over a fixed position. 
  • GEO is used by satellites that need to stay constantly above one particular place over Earth, such as telecommunication satellites. 
  • It can also be used by weather monitoring satellites, because they can continually observe specific areas to see how weather trends emerge there.
  • Satellites in GEO cover a large range of Earth so as few as three equally-spaced satellites can provide near global coverage. 

Low Earth orbit (LEO)-

  • A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit that is relatively close to Earth’s surface. 
  • It is normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km but could be as low as 160 km above Earth.
  • LEO satellites do not always have to follow a particular path around Earth in the same way – their plane can be tilted. 
  • This means there are more available routes for satellites in LEO, which is one of the reasons why LEO is a very commonly used orbit.
  • It is the orbit most commonly used for satellite imaging, as being near the surface allows it to take images of higher resolution. 
  • It is also the orbit used for the International Space Station (ISS), as it is easier for astronauts to travel to and from it at a shorter distance. 
  • A satellite takes approximately 90 minutes to circle Earth, meaning the ISS travels around Earth about 16 times a day.
  • Individual LEO satellites are less useful for tasks such as telecommunication, because they move so fast across the sky and therefore require a lot of effort to track from ground stations.

Polar orbit and Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO)

  • Polar orbits are a type of low Earth orbit, as they are at low altitudes between 200 to 1000 km.
  • Satellites in polar orbits usually travel past Earth from north to south rather than from west to east, passing roughly over Earth’s poles.
  • Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) is a particular kind of polar orbit. 
  • Satellites in SSO, travelling over the polar regions, are synchronous with the Sun. 
  • This means they are synchronised to always be in the same ‘fixed’ position relative to the Sun. 
  • The satellite will always observe a point on the Earth as if constantly at the same time of the day.
  • Such satellites are used to investigate how weather patterns emerge, when monitoring emergencies like forest fires or flooding or to accumulate data on long-term problems like deforestation or rising sea levels.

Transfer orbits and geostationary transfer orbit (GTO)-

  • Transfer orbits are a special kind of orbit used to get from one orbit to another. 
  • Some satellites are not always placed directly on their final orbit and are instead placed on a transfer orbit, where, by using relatively little energy from built-in motors, the satellite or spacecraft can move from one orbit to another.
  • This allows a satellite to reach, for example, a high-altitude orbit like GEO without actually needing the launch vehicle to go all the way to this altitude.
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Source: The Hindu
Tags: News PaperPrelims

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